Chemiluminescence of Luminol Essay Example for Free

Chemiluminescence of Luminol Essay Introduction In this experiment, luminol was mixed with hydrogen peroxide (an oxidising agent) resulting in chemiluminescence. The experimentis designed to see how the duration of luminescence is affected by varying temperatures. It has been made to be deliberately inaccurate, so another objective would be to see whether subjective observations can be improved by repetition and averaging. Chemiluminescence is the production of light from a release of energy in a chemical reaction without the aid of heat. The light produced is due to electrons being given an excess of energy and this energy being released as the electrons revert to their ground state, a luminescent light being given off as a result. An important use of this reaction is in forensic science where luminol and hydrogen peroxide are used to highlight samples of blood at a crime scene. The two chemicals react readily due to the iron present in haemoglobin, giving off a luminescent glow as a result. Chemiluminescence occurs even in living organisms where it is termed bioluminescence. Using fireflies as an example, a reaction where luciferin combines with adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP) and reacts with the enzyme luciferase. The action of the enzyme acting on luciferase simulates something similar to luminol and a peroxide being catalysed by a transition metal catalyst, providing electrons with enough energy to reach a higher energy level which then gives off light as they relax back to their ground state. Reaction pathway of luminol 2H2O22H2O + O2(g) Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide In this experiment we used luminol and hydrogen peroxide solution. When the two react, a dianion is from the peroxide reacting with the luminol. As hydrogen peroxide reacts, oxygen is evolved which then reacts with the dianion to produce an unstable peroxide; the instability of the peroxide causes it to break down immediately and lose nitrogen, producing 3-aminopthalate. (above) Experimental A set of five test tubes were prepared and labelled with a letter(A-E) and their temperatures; 220C (room temperature which varied between groups), 250C, 350C, 60C and 400C. 250C, 350C and 400C were conducted in water baths whereas 60C used an ice bath.

Three Essays on Proust :: Essays Papers

Three Essays on Proust Introduction In Candace Vogler’s Philosophical Perspectives on the Humanities class last winter, we were asked to write six short essays relating Marcel Proust’s Swann’s Way to several cognitive philosophy texts, including Rene Descartes’ Meditations on First Philosophy and George Berkeley’s Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous. Our task was to make the ideas of Proust, Descartes, and Berkeley communicate with one another—to juxtapose and compare their ideas about what constitutes experience, what constitutes divinity, what is knowing, what is being. This is what these three essays attempt to address. A note on the texts: Proust’s Swann’s Way is the first volume of his eight-volume continuous narrative Remembrance of Things Past or In Search of Lost Times. (In the original French, it is A la recherche du temps perdu.) It is the story of a man’s life, a first-person memoir, a fictional autobiography. Swann’s Way is the story of this character’s love for his mother and for the girl Gilberte and his retelling of his friend Swann’s love for the woman Odette. In class, we called the un-named character/narrator "Marcel"—"old Marcel" when he is the grown-up man recounting the story of his childhood and "young Marcel" when he is the child. Marcel Proust is a distinct entity—of course, the author of the novel. Swann’s Way is written in four books, the Overture, Combray, Swann in Love, and Place-Names: The Name, all of which are mentioned in the essays. Descartes’ Meditations on First Philosophy questions and defines knowledge and existence. Descartes too, uses a first-person voice, whom we called "the Meditator." It is the Meditator who goes through the method of progressive doubt and re-founds all knowledge on the basis of "the cogito": Thus, after everything has been most carefully weighed, it must finally be established that "I am, I exist" is necessarily true every time I put it forward or conceive it in my mind. Berkeley’s Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous is an argument between the Cartesian thinker Hylas and the Berkelean Philonous. In the first of these dialogues, Berkley argues that the Cartesian notion of substance is incoherent and that the word "matter" as Descartes uses it is meaningless. Essay One All these memories, superimposed upon one another, now formed a single mass, but had not so far coalesced

What Comes with Old Age?

What Comes with Age What comes to mind when you think of life? Do you view life with an ever go lucky viewpoint and are you happy and content? Are you an optimist? Or do you think life is a means to and end with nothing to look forward to but depression and sorrow. In Earnest Hemingway’s story â€Å"A Clean Well-Lighted Place† Hemmingway makes the point that when you get older there is nothing but desperation and sorrow to live for. He does this by showcasing the story between a younger and an older waiter working late at night in a well-lit cafe where the only customer in the cafe is a very old deaf man getting drunk by himself.The story illustrates through characterization and verbal irony what it means to deal with the harsh reality that everything we are and everything we do is empty. Hemmingway presents two kinds of characters, those that are unaware of the emptiness of life and those that are familiar with it. He does this by focusing on three main characters thro ughout the short story; an old man, a younger waiter, and an older waiter where each has a subtly different outlook on life. At the beginning of the story we meet the old man who is sitting at a bar drinking a brandy just watching the branches of a tree outside.The old man is lonely and drinks by himself. He drowns his sorrows in alcohol. The old man attempts to commit suicide because he is in despair. He tried to commit suicide by hanging himself with a rope but his niece who takes care of him cuts him down. He is in despair and feels unwanted because he is old. His old age shows physical imperfections on his body such as his hard of hearing. He has no one to go home to, and finds comfort drinking in lit places, then home by himself. He is very lonely because his wife died and he has no one to go home to and talk to about his problems or just to keep him company.The old man is also in a good financial position, but regardless of money, he has no will to keep on living. The old manà ¢â‚¬â„¢s deafness signifies a physical and mental isolation from the rest of the world. The younger waiter only cares about going home to his wife and going to bed so he can go to sleep. He seems to think his time is more valuable than the old mans which is ignorant to think since who’s time is really better than someone else’s? In the story the two waiters mention that the old man is in despair. When asked what the old man was in despair about the young waiter replies â€Å"Nothing,† because â€Å"He has plenty of money. This is a typical ignorant sentiment shared by youth who believe that money somehow provides happiness thus a meaningful life. The younger waiter does not show any sympathy to the old man or try to understand his feelings. The younger waiter is very insensitive and only thinks about himself. His attitude towards older people is very harsh and he never stops to think that one day he to might be old and lonely. The older waiter works at the cafe along with the younger waiter but seems to be more aware of the old deaf man’s feelings.He doesn’t have anyone to go home to at the end of the night and he doesn’t mind working at all hours of the night. The older waiter identifies with the old man because he himself has nowhere to go after work. The older waiter himself cannot find a clean well-lighted place of his own to pass the night. The older waiter is offended by how the young waiter treats the man when he decides to refuse serving the man another drink. This is demonstrated when the older waiter says â€Å"Why didn’t you let him stay and drink? The older waiter has a realistic understanding of the significance of â€Å"nada,† in this world and it actually keeps him up at night. He comes to the realization that life is emptiness, that a man’s life means nothing and that his existence signifies nothing to himself, nothing to others and nothing to the universe. One of the most importa nt topics of this story has to do with loneliness. The older waiter and the old man are very lonely. They both would like to stay at the cafe to escape from reality. Whereas the younger waiter is in a rush to get home because his life and reality isn’t filled with loneliness.He has a wife to go home to and he has youth, confidence and a job. The older waiter is very much like the old man except he has a job. The old man feels like he has nothing to live for other than getting drunk, however, life is not found in a bottle of alcohol. Life is found in experiences and relationship and alcohol hinders these experiences and relationships. This story also talks about other topics including death, futility, and meaninglessness. Hemingway shows these topics throughout most of the words and actions of the older waiter.Life is inherently meaningless and leads inevitably to death, and the older one gets, the clearer these truths become and the less able one is to impose any kind of orde r on one’s existence or maintain any kind of positivity in one’s outlook. In Ernest Hemmingway’s â€Å"A Clean Well-Lighted† Place one learns that life seems to get worse with age. Young people seem to be happy and content and think that they themselves will never grow old. The older one gets the closer the realization is that life is not worth living since it is filled with emptiness and despair.

Swaziland Essay example - 1717 Words

WHICH CULTURE IS FOR YOU? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Anthropology is the study of humankind everywhere, throughout time, seeks to produce reliable knowledge about people and their behavior, both about what makes them different and what they all share in common. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The next few pages will share with you some simple facts about two cultures that are very much different, and are seperated by a span of ocean water. These two groups of people are the Yanomamo people of Brazil and the Swazi of South Africa. INTRODUCTION nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;There is a large tribe of Tropical Forest Indians on the border between Venezuela and Brazil. They are distributed in about 125 small distant villages. The are†¦show more content†¦So there is a fair amount of food to allow for this time of play. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Swazi people are farmers and herders. A great deal of their day is placed on cultivating and tending livestock. They do not rely on the self made fruit of the land, for a constant food supply. However, their region allows for seasonal rotation of crops. Production a food is necessary, to this clan. Gathering is not a big part of their substance planning. The land on which they live is a haven for crop raising and cattle rearing. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;It is very clear that these two societies devote some part of their day to take care of their fist basic need. One society has Mother Nature on their side to help with food supplies. Clearly, the other has to place effort forward in order to survive. The amount of time placed on food, I believe has a lot to do with the amount availability of it. A banana dangling from a tree is more readily available the planting the banana tree first. ECONOMIC Economic development in Swaziland is rapidly growing. Swaziland enjoys well-developed road links to South Africa. It also has railroads running in and out of the area. One of the older railroads Goba Line makes it possible to export goods from Swaziland. The chief commercial crops are sugar, cotton, tobacco, soygrum and citrus fruit. Livestock includes cattle, goats, and sheep. Mining is increasing in importance producing diamonds, gold, coal,Show MoreRelatedHow Swaziland Is A Developing Country1266 Words   |  6 PagesSwaziland is a developing country that is facing many problems which can only be solved through political reform. Swaziland is located in south-eastern Africa and is the last country in Africa to still have an absolute monarchy. This country has a large health problem, including the highest rate of HIV in Africa. Swaziland’s monarch, King Mswati lll, holds all of the power. 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According to Hanran (2000), over 20 million individuals from six other nations, including 270,000 individuals of my own have been affected by the recent famine. As the King of Swaziland, it is my responsibility to find a solution to the famine my country is currently experiencing. The GMO cropsRead MoreThe s Health And The General Economy1576 Words   |  7 PagesIn Swaziland, agriculture plays a huge role in all of the individuals’ lives. Over 2/3 of my country’s population work on small farms that grow corn; corn is the dominant in my country. According to Hanran (2000), over 20 million individuals from six other nations, including 270,000 individuals of my own have been affected by the devastating famine. As the King of Swaziland, it is my responsibility to find a solut ion to the famine my country is currently experiencing. The genetically modified (GM)Read MoreThe United Nations Convention Of Combat Desertification1199 Words   |  5 Pagesdevelopment of WA Ghana . However, these successes are overshadowed by continuous famine, desertification and drought. Famine and drought has worsened since the convention in many Southern African Nations such Zambia, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Mozambique, Swaziland, and Lesotho . In these six nations approximately 14.4 million people are in need of immediate food aide. Issues of poverty due to famine and drought are still all major issue. For instance, in Africa it is estimated that by 2025 only 40% of the